Deforestation and malaria: Revisiting the human ecology perspective
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چکیده
The ecological basis for disease dates at least as far back as 400 B.C. to Hippocrates’s writing of On Airs, Waters, and Place. As Wilson (1995) clarifies, our understanding and therefore control of diseases would be inadequate without an “ecological” perspective on the life cycles of parasitic microorganisms and the associated infectious diseases. As Smith et al. (1999; p 583) contend, “many of the critical health problems in the world today cannot be solved without major improvement in environmental quality.” In this chapter we focus on malaria because its transmission (and control) has clear links to ecosystem changes that result from natural resource policies such as land tenure, road building, and agricultural subsidies. The resulting ecosystem change has a tremendous influence on the pattern of diseases such as malaria (Martens 1998; Molyneux 1998; Grillet 2000). This is partly because, of all the forest species that transmit diseases to human beings, mosquitoes are among the most sensitive to ecosystem change: their survival, density, and distribution have been altered by environmental changes caused by different land transformations. While we agree that ‘ecological lenses’ can help improve our understanding of disease prevention, we use this chapter to articulate a particular ecological perspective – a human ecology viewpoint that puts human behavior change front and center.
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تاریخ انتشار 2007